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Raymond, 1995, uses an expression like (7) but with replacing . We emphasize that (7) is a crude approximation; in a more complete treatment must be related to through a cloud model.

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The model described herein is available from the author at emanuel@texmex.mit.edu

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In E89, and were defined in terms of the air flow between convective clouds; here they represent the total mass streamfunctions.

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The term was omitted in E89; see section 2.