Appendix



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Appendix

The equations governing the model dynamics are the same as those of E89 except for the changes noted in section 2. The nondimensional model equations are summarized as follows, with the scaling of the dependent and independent variables given in Table 1. Typical values of the scaling parameters are also shown in Table 1, and the definitions of all the nondimensional parameters are given in Table 2. gif

Thermal wind:

 

Mass:

  

Streamfunction at boundary layer top:

 

Saturation entropy at boundary layer top:

 

The model equation for the subcloud-layer entropy is (1), subject to the condition (14), transformed into potential radius coordinates, and nondimensionalized according to Table 1:

Subcloud-layer entropy:

 

subject to the constraint

 

Lower-tropospheric entropy:

 

The convective mass fluxes are given by nondimensional forms of (4), (7), and (12), transformed into potential radius coordinates and nondimensionalized according to Table 1. Note, however, that owing to the highly baroclinic nature of the hurricane eyewall, we must include horizontal entropy advection in the entropy balance:

   

There are, in addition, the following diagnostic relations:

Azimuthal velocity:

 

Momentum diffusion in boundary layer:

 

Momentum diffusion, top layer:

 

Eddy viscosities:

 

Heat diffusion:

 

Radiation:

 

subject to

Saturation entropy of sea surface:

 

Surface pressure (cyclostrophic relation):

 

Clear air vertical velocity at boundary layer top:

 

Bulk precipitation efficiency:

 

Radius of surfaces in middle troposphere:

 

The model consists of (22)-(45) with nondimensional parameters described in Table 2.



Kerry Emanuel
Mon Jan 5 07:19:46 EST 1998